And if you can't wait for the site's redevelopment, treasures from the Temple of Mithras including the sculpture of the head of Mithras are on display in the Museum of London's Roman galleries. The tablets originally held a layer of dark wax and messages were scratched into the wax with a stylus that revealed the paler wood underneath. On the last day of excavation, 18 September 1954, the marble head of the god of Mithras was unearthed. The civil parish has a population of 225 (in 2011). One altar was dedicated to Mithras = making this the most northerly discovery of a Mithraic inscription from the whole empire, and the earliest known in Britain. It WebBrocolitia; the Temple of Mithras is a fascinating temple dedicated to the god beloved by Roman soldiers. WebThe Temple of Mithras at Carrawburgh is part of the Chesters Roman Trail. fourth centuries it served as the base for an auxiliary unit, the First Cohort The fort site lies 10km east of Edinburgh on the southern side of the Firth of Forth, that great sea inlet which bites into Scotlands east coast. You may unsubscribe at any time by clicking the unsubscribe link included in the newsletter. These were reproduced in concrete and replaced on the site, so that today This was the goddess Coventina over a prolonged period of time. document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "aca0d770bc800f32a95b93aaba2d9e2f" );document.getElementById("ac59ec51d8").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Latest news from our sister site, the-past.com. The Mithraeum reproduces this cave, in which Mithras killed the bull. Then it was rededicated, probably to Bacchus, in the early fourth century. WebTemple of Mithras Find all you need to know about Temple of Mithras in : the Michelin Green Guide review and other useful information. The entire site was relocated to permit continued construction and this temple of the mystery god Mithras became perhaps the most famous 20th-century Roman discovery in London. WebThe London Mithraeum, also known as the Temple of Mithras, Walbrook, is a Roman Mithraeum that was discovered in Walbrook, a street in the City of London, during a building's construction in 1954. Clearly the soldiers and the civilian community who followed them wanted to provide their own supplies. 2023 CURRENT PUBLISHING LTD - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. CopyrightOxyman,licensed under theCreative CommonsAttribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license. dedicated to nymphs and to the spirit of the place in which the shrine stood. We recommend this private walking tour which also includes stops at a number of other Roman sites throughout central London. Nearby, in its former streambed, a small square hammered lead sheet was found, on which an enemy of someone named Martia Martina had inscribed her name backwards and thrown the token into the stream, in a traditional Celtic way of reaching the gods that has preserved metal tokens in rivers throughout Celtic Europe, from the swords at La Tne to Roman times (compare wishing well.) Dating back to AD110, this peculiar site (situated in an underground car park!) The London Mithraeum, also known as the Temple of Mithras, Walbrook, is a Roman Mithraeum that was discovered in Walbrook, a street in the City of London, during a building's construction in 1954. This is a faithful recreation of the ruin that was discovered in 1954 by renowned archaeologist Professor W.F. Tomlin ABSTRACT WebSee and experience the reconstructed remains of the Temple of Mithras. or shrines to different gods might indicate that there was some sort of Nothing remains of the shrine (or its contents) today. Two altars, dedicated to the gods Mithras and Sol, were found buried face-down in a rectangular sunken feature. According to legend, Mithras captured and killed a sacred bull in a cave, which Mithraic temples were intended to evoke. It bears the inscription, VLPIVS SILVANVS EMERITVS LEG II AVG VOTVM SOLVIT FACTVS ARAVSIONE. Legend has it that Mithras was born from a rock within a cave, had unnatural strength and courage, and once killed a divine bull in order to feed and water mankind forever more. The temple site was uncovered in September 1954 during excavation work for the construction of Bucklersbury House, a 14-storey modernist office block to house Legal & General. series of altars which had been placed at the north-west end of the building. Found within the temple, where they had been carefully buried at the time of its rededication, were finely detailed third-century white marble likenesses of Minerva, Mercury the guide of the souls of the dead, and the syncretic gods Mithras and Serapis, imported from Italy. Bloomberg LP will restore the temple to its original Roman location and a more historically accurate guise. The temple, which is located at Walbrook Square, was discovered by chance in 1952 by archaeologist WF Grimes as the site was being prepared for redevelopment. Mithraic stone monuments are often found in the central aisle, as in the partially wooden Mithras temple at Gro-Gerau Footnote 122 and the wooden Mithraeum at Knzing, Footnote 123 whether deliberately buried or covered by sediments over time and thus invisible to later stone robbers. Yet the army was this sites life-support, and when it withdrew, probably in the 160s, all settlement was abandoned. Open any reasonable time during daylight hours, Humshaugh, Hexham, Northumberland, NE46 4DB. Londons only Roman baths can be found just off the Strand. Thank you! 5621230. The temple, initially hoped to have been an early Christian church, was built in the mid-3rd century and dedicated to Mithras or perhaps jointly to several deities popular among Roman soldiers. The most remarkable recent find has come from an area to the east of the fort and vicus, where nothing was previously known. Excavations at Inveresk have teased out details of life at this tantalising site, as Fraser Hunter reveals. Let us know here. It proved to be half of a cavalry tombstone. The site was excavated by W. F. Grimes, director of the Museum of London in 1954. The base of the head is tapered to fit a torso, which was not preserved. Extensive middens lie on the slopes around the fort, and their contents, including rich assemblages of pottery and other artefacts, have revealed plenty about frontier life. Mithras was a Persian warrior god who, according to legend, entered a cave and killed a bull that had been created at the dawn of time. Occupying an area of 1.4 hectares on a slightly raised natural terrace, overlooking the Northumberland National Park, Carrawburgh sits between the Roman cavalry fort at Chesters and the infantry fortress at Housesteads. WebThe Temple of Mithras at Carrawburgh is part of the Chesters Roman Trail. These were gently lifted and, after conservation, turned over. It is thought that Mithraism was a cult of male Roman merchants and soldiers that generally meeted in low lit, underground temples. The Temple of Mithras, Walbrook is a Roman temple whose ruins were discovered in Walbrook, a street in the City of London, during rebuilding work in 1954. A must see along the trail is Chesters Roman Fort which includes Chesters Museum and houses a collection of Roman finds discovered by antiquarian John Clayton (1792-1890). WebThe architecture of a temple of Mithras is very distinctive. @jonyeomans1. However, work on the 300m project, designed by Foster + Partners, hasn't yet begun. The site was excavated by W. F. Grimes, director of the Museum of London in 1954. The base of the head is tapered to fit a torso, which was not preserved. At the top left, outside the wheel, SolHelios ascends the heavens in his biga; at top right Luna descends in her chariot. WebA large rectangular sunken feature with lateral benches contained two altars buried face down at its north-western end. It was the largest of such buildings to occupy the site and, like many Mithraic temples, it was situated near a military base. In December 2010, Bloomberg LP, the global business and financial information and news leader, purchased the Walbrook Square site to build its new European headquarters building. When a cricket pavilion burnt down, its footprint was excavated by British archaeology has enjoyed a surge of interest of late, with the recent unearthing of Richard III in a certain Leicester car park. At the top left, outside the wheel, SolHelios ascends the heavens in his biga; at top right Luna descends in her chariot. Chipping away that mortar has complicated efforts to rehouse it: Bloomberg had to hire expert stone masons to free the remains, according to the Museum of London. Although pre-dating many Christian churches, the temples layout was quite standard to what we are familiar with today; a central nave, aisles and columns. An iron peg was set just above and behind the mouth, as if to hang something from it perhaps to move in the heat, making the light flicker and evoke the voice of the god? The original Mithraeum was built partly underground, recalling the cave of Mithras where the Mithraic epiphany took place. A Historic UK Guide to the last surviving remains of Londons old Roman and Medieval city wall. The temple, dating from 240AD, has been dismantled and is currently in storage with the Museum of London. The Mithraic were a mystery religion practiced in the Roman Empire from about the 1st to 4th centuries AD. The original statues and altars are displayed in the Museum of Antiquities in Newcastle. park on the south side of the B6318, the road that follows the line of However, one London archaeological site remains in limbo: the Temple of Mithras is still waiting for its new home, as one of the City's biggest ever digs continues. 16 Mithraic temples are common in the The Temple of Mithras was dedicated to the Mithraic cult, which spread across the Roman Empire between the 1st and 4th centuries AD. WebOpening hours Tuesday Saturday 10.00 18.00 Sundays 12.00 17.00 Wednesday during term time 12.30 18.00 First Thursday of the month 10.00 20.00 Closed Mondays Seasonal Closure: December 25 and January 1 Drone flying: English Heritage does not permit drone flying from or over sites in our care, except by contractors or partners undertaking flights for a specific purpose, who satisfy stringent CAA criteria, have the correct insurances and permissions, and are operating under controlled conditions. Persian warrior god who, according to legend, entered a cave and killed a bull The growth of this religion in the 2ndcentury AD prompted a temple to be built in London, the capital of Roman England at the time, and it remained an important religious centre until the late 4thcentury. There are also a few remains of a sacred well dedicated to the Celtic water goddess Coventina. Are they in fact Roman though? The wax has perished, but the words were reconstructed from scratch marks left in the wood. that had been created at the dawn of time. a flat surface on which the fort could be built. There were several coarser locally-made clay figurines of Venus, combing her hair. WebThe Mysterious Temple of Mithras. Hadrian's Wall: Chesters Roman Fort and Museum Entry Ticket, All your travel news: our automobile, motorcycle and tyre tips and good deals, routes, traffic updates and road network flashes, motoring services on your route and future innovations. WebTemple (Scottish Gaelic: Baile nan Trodach) is a village and civil parish in Midlothian, Scotland. The reconstruction was not accurate and drew criticism for the materials used. All Rights Reserved. 13 Porphyry, quoting the lost handbook of Eubolus 14 states that Mithras was worshipped in a rock cave. was excavated in 1949 the ground conditions meant that the bottoms of the To improve security and online experience, please use a different browser or, Carrawburgh Roman Fort and Temple of Mithras - Hadrian's Wall, https://www.youtube.com/user/EnglishHeritageFilm. Traces of paint hint at their original appearance. In 2007 plans were drawn up to return the Mithraeum to its original location, following the demolition of Bucklersbury House and four other buildings in the block for the planned creation of a new Walbrook Square development, designed by Foster and Partners and Jean Nouvel Architects. 2023. 16 Mithraic temples are common in the Charges apply. There is some evidence, though, that Inveresk was retained as an outpost fort at the northern end of Dere Street, a major military highway, until about AD 180. The entire site was relocated to permit continued construction and this temple of the mystery god Mithras became perhaps the most Working with the Museum of London, it also promises to provide a purpose built and publicly accessible space for the temples remains, although this wont be open until around 2015. This is a faithful recreation of the ruin that was discovered in 1954 by renowned archaeologist Professor W.F. A few Samian vessels bear graffiti with Thracian or Dacian names, but these tantalising hints are not enough to be sure of the units origins, as soldiers could be quite mobile. The temple was abandoned in the 4C. It is perhaps the most famous of all twentieth-century Roman discoveries in the City of London. The cult of Mithras placed great The temple was dismantled at that time and the Roman building material put into storage. The name of the Persian god Mithra (proto-Indo-Iranian Mitra), adapted into Greek as Mithras, was linked to a new and distinctive imagery. WebTemple (Scottish Gaelic: Baile nan Trodach) is a village and civil parish in Midlothian, Scotland. This is Brocolitia, also known as Carrawburgh, and although it Upon completion of Bloombergs new development, the new reconstruction of the Temple of Mithras will be housed in a purpose-built and publicly accessible interpretation space within their new building. Looking to visit the Temple of Mithras? Today, Inveresk is a highly desirable Edinburgh suburb, full of expensive houses. location of "Coventina's Well", which was first found by an antiquarian in But excavations by CFA Archaeology to the north of the fort found a small, scattered cemetery of cremations and inhumations, as well as a horse burial. Museum of London Archaeology (MOLA), which is leading the project to move the temple, says it will be "a matter of years" before it is once again visible to the public. WebOpening hours Tuesday Saturday 10.00 18.00 Sundays 12.00 17.00 Wednesday during term time 12.30 18.00 First Thursday of the month 10.00 20.00 Closed Mondays Seasonal Closure: December 25 and January 1 Mithras under the cricket pitch. "Upon completion of Bloomberg's new development, the new reconstruction of the Temple of Mithras will be housed in a purpose-built and publicly accessible interpretation space within their new building.". In central London, seven meters underground, lies an ancient Roman temple to a mysterious god called Mithras. Situated to the south of Edinburgh , the village lies on the east bank of the river South Esk . In this months Science Notes, we will explore the evidence for this hypothesis, and examine how violence-related injuries are distinguished in archaeological human remains. There are also toilet facilities, a picnic area and gift shop. The temple is due to be carefully packaged up and moved to storage for the second time. The temple itself was built relatively deep into the ground in order to give a cave-like feeling, no doubt in reference to the origins of Mithras himself. The Temple of Mithras, Walbrook is a Roman temple whose ruins were discovered in Walbrook, a street in the City of London, during rebuilding work in 1954. While the fort itself is now inaccessible, work around it continues to reveal the community that came to the fort to support the soldiers, their houses, their craft skills, the fields that fed them, the temples where they worshipped, and the cemeteries that held their remains. WebThe Mysterious Temple of Mithras. WebMithra, was the persian god of the Sun. Nearby were buried heads of the Roman goddess Minerva and a finely detailed bearded head of Serapis, Jupiter-like in his features but securely recognizable by the grain-basket, the modius, upon his head, a token of resurrection. A string of chance discoveries over the years hinted at a fort, but it was only firmly located in 1946-1947 when Ian Richmond, then lecturing at Newcastle upon Tyne, undertook excavations. This need not be contradictory: Apollo and Mithras were both gods of light, who could be conflated. Part of the delay has to do with ongoing excavation work on the Queen Victoria Street site, which has evolved into the Walbrook Discovery Programme, one of the largest digs undertaken in the City of London, according to MOLA, with more than 50 archaeologists combing through the mud of the Roman River Walbrook. "Bloomberg LP will restore the temple to its original Roman location and in a more historically accurate guise," says MOLA. altars and a huge quantity of coins. Near Carrawburgh fort stands a fascinating temple to the eastern god Mithras, with facsimiles of altars found during excavation. 13,487 were recorded, but several thousand WebThe London Mithraeum, also known as the Temple of Mithras, Walbrook, is a Roman Mithraeum that was discovered in Walbrook, a street in the City of London, during a building's construction in 1954. 13 Porphyry, quoting the lost handbook of Eubolus 14 states that Mithras was worshipped in a rock cave. Several are known to have existed along Hadrian's Wall, but Carrawburgh's is it is possible to get a feel for what was originally found, and a sense of how WebThe Temple of Mithras can be found in the valley of a stream immediately below and to the south-west of Carrawburgh Fort. Both had been dedicated by the same man, one Gaius Cassius Fla[-], perhaps Flavianus, a centurion. Mithras under the cricket pitch. Today this is all that can be When complete, Carrawburgh if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'undiscoveredscotland_co_uk-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',117,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-undiscoveredscotland_co_uk-medrectangle-4-0'); What emerged was a superb collection of offerings left to the One was dedicated to Mithras, with iconography of both Mithras and Apollo as well as libation vessels. The name of the Persian god Mithra (proto-Indo-Iranian Mitra), adapted into Greek as Mithras, was linked to a new and distinctive imagery. This is traversed by the Antonine Wall, a shortlived successor to Hadrians Wall in the mid-2nd century. Unfortunately this positioning ultimately led to the temples downfall, as by the 4thcentury AD the structure was suffering from such terrible subsidence that the local congregation could no longer afford the upkeep. Access: The site is reached through a field, parts of which are uneven and can become muddy. The temple was built on the banks of the now underground River Walbrook, a popular source of fresh water in Londinium. They may have traded with the Roman community, and received diplomatic gifts (seeCA265), but when the army left the site faded from memory until the work of archaeologists, gradually piecing together new discoveries, brought it to prominence once more. Bloomberg was granted planning permission in 2010 to uproot the temple's remains and incorporate them into its new corporate base. We would like to thank Jennifer Du Cane, whose family has cared for the fort since 1950, for her generosity and look forward very much to welcoming the public to Carrawburgh. WebThe architecture of a temple of Mithras is very distinctive. To their surprise, they discovered a large, rectangular, sunken feature in the corner of their trench. the only one that can be seen today. It was the largest of such buildings to occupy the site and, like many Mithraic temples, it was situated near a military base. some time after the nearby wall, and the vallum had to be filled in to provide The fort was built in about 130, This is all due to change however, as Bloomberg has recently purchased the original site of the temple and has promised to re-house it in all of its previous glory. The Temple of Mithras, Walbrook is a Roman temple whose ruins were discovered in Walbrook, a street in the City of London, during rebuilding work in 1954. A road passing through this headed down towards the river, perhaps to a bridge or harbour. base of a rectangular building, with walls rising, at their highest, up to THE UNUSUAL VILLAGE OF BERWICK-UPON-TWEED, THE BLACK HOUSE ON THE GROUNDS OF CLEUGH MANOR, Copyright TriPyramid 2014. The artefacts recovered were put on display in the Museum of London. The wood, render and lime mortar are new, but based on mortar samples from contemporary Roman London structures. [9], The local waterlogged soil conditions then preserved even organic material like leather shoes[10] and a large assembly of wooden writing tablets of which over 400 were found. It is thought that Mithraism was a cult of male Roman merchants and soldiers that generally meeted in low lit, underground temples. Because the fort lies underneath a modern cemetery, very little was known about its layout Ian Richmonds detective work with tiny trenches in gardens and graves furnished a broad outline of its size, but few internal details. 2000-2023, The Temple of 15 The format of the room involved a central aisle, with a raised podium on either side. What you find at Carrawburgh is the stone Calculate your route to and from Temple of Mithras, choose your restaurant or accomodation next to Temple of Mithras and check the online map of on ViaMichelin. The Temple of Mithras was dedicated to the Mithraic cult, which spread across the Roman Empire between the 1st and 4th centuries AD. The temple was moved a little west of its original position to preserve parts of the walls that were not uncovered in 195254 and are too fragile to display today. Please be aware that the site is also prone to flooding in wet weather. During the post-war reconstruction of London, an archaeological treasure was found amongst all of the rubble and debris; the Roman Temple of Mithras. In the third and There are also a few remains of a sacred well dedicated to the Celtic water goddess Coventina. Situated to the south of Edinburgh , the village lies on the east bank of the river South Esk . Hadrian's Wall. Unfortunately both the site chosen and the quality of the reconstruction was rather poor, and for the past 50 years the temple has been wedged between a main road and a rather unsightly office block! It is perhaps the most famous of all twentieth-century Roman discoveries in the City of London. All material on this site is the property of Londonist Ltd. Temple Of Mithras Stays Boxed As City's Big Dig Continues, Where And How To Celebrate Women's History Month 2023 In London, 66 Magnificent Things To Do In London In March 2023. The Roman temple, when it was originally built, would have stood on the east bank of the now covered-over River Walbrook, a key freshwater source in Roman Londinium. is not immediately obvious from the car park, it's a stop that is well worth The Mithraic were a mystery religion practiced in the Roman Empire from about the 1st to 4th centuries AD. This is a faithful recreation of the ruin that was discovered in 1954 by renowned archaeologist Professor W.F. The fort is the first acquisition for the National Collection since English Heritage became a charity in 2015. This suggests that the governor or another important official was nearby, inspecting the frontier. It is a stark demonstration that this was an alien imposition on an occupied landscape. Timber and, later, stone-founded strip-buildings lined streets laid out in a regular grid pattern. of boggy ground which was once the site of a notable discovery. This evidence adds to recent research focused on Iona suggesting that multiple monasteries across Britain may have been able to continue or re-establish themselves after initial Viking raids at the end of the 8th and the beginning of the 9th centuries. may be translated For the Salvation of our lords the four emperors and the noble Caesar, and to the god Mithras, the Invincible Sun from the east to the west (Collingwood and Wright 1965, no. In 1889, artefacts were found in Walbrook; they probably came from the Mithraeum, though it was not identified at the time (Merrifield 1965, p.179). [17] Metrovacesa left the project in August 2009. Manufacture Franaise des Pneumatiques Michelin will process your email address in order to manage your subscription to the Michelin newsletter. Evidence of resilience in the face of Viking raids at Lyminge, Current Archaeology Award Winners for 2023 announced, The peaceful Neolithic is dead: the dawn of agriculture coincided with rising violence. 13 Porphyry, quoting the lost handbook of Eubolus 14 states that Mithras was worshipped in a rock cave. The civil parish has a population of 225 (in 2011). A boom in house-building and renovation has brought lots of excavations in its wake over 30 since 1995 which have produced some startling discoveries. [16] However, redesigns and disputes between freeholders Legal & General and Metrovacesa, who had agreed to buy the project, resulted in the Walbrook Square project being put on hold in October 2008, when Bovis Lend Lease removed their project team. is home to the oldest Roman remains, London's Roman Amphitheatre dates back to AD70, and is located in the Guildhall Art Gallery in the City of London. Brocolitia Mithraeum, or Temple of Mithras. The site was excavated by W. F. Grimes, director of the Museum of London in 1954. The Museum of London was called in to investigate. WebThe Mysterious Temple of Mithras. The site, occupying a huge city block, is still a big hole in the ground. The other was dedicated to Sol, with a frieze above showing the Four Seasons. what might lie beneath the surface, waiting for a future generation of It is also unusually early decapitations are typically a Late Roman phenomenon. HeritageDaily is part of the HeritageCom group of brands. (Compare wishing well.). WebThe architecture of a temple of Mithras is very distinctive. The entire site was relocated to permit continued construction and this temple of the mystery god Mithras became perhaps the most about eight courses. Mithraic stone monuments are often found in the central aisle, as in the partially wooden Mithras temple at Gro-Gerau Footnote 122 and the wooden Mithraeum at Knzing, Footnote 123 whether deliberately buried or covered by sediments over time and thus invisible to later stone robbers. WebThe Roman Temple of Mithras. Another recent find helps bring one dead soldier to life. As was customary in this eastern religion, the small building was supposed to represent the cave where the sun god (Sol Invictus) was said to have killed a bull. WebTemple of Mithras Find all you need to know about Temple of Mithras in : the Michelin Green Guide review and other useful information. Worship of Mithras was common in the 2nd and 3rd centuries A.D. The varied objects are thought to have been brought to the site in landfills and soils collected elsewhere and laid down to improve the marshy banks of the River Walbrook during the rebuilding of London after the Boudican revolt of AD 60 or 61. The Temple of Mithras was dedicated to the Mithraic cult, which spread across the Roman Empire between the 1st and 4th centuries AD. [1] The temple, initially hoped to have been an early Christian church, was built in the mid-3rd century[a] and dedicated to Mithras or perhaps jointly to several deities popular among Roman soldiers. There's still no word on what that space will look like, or whether it will take any cues from a similar space designed to display the nearby London Stone, which is also awaiting removal to new premises in a corporate building. A must see along the trail is Chesters Roman Fort which includes Chesters Museum and houses a collection of Roman finds discovered by antiquarian John Clayton (1792-1890). Although the kilns have not been located, the site had a distinctive local potting tradition, manufacturing a wide range of forms. In central London, seven meters underground, lies an ancient Roman temple to a mysterious god called Mithras. situ by visitors. The path to the temple from the car park skirts two sides of a Roman Fort covered an area of 3.5 acres or 1.5 hectares. Many finds came from Carrawburgh, including over 13,000 coins and other items of value left as gifts to the water goddess Coventina. 15 The format of the room involved a central aisle, with a raised podium on either side. The second altar was even more dramatic. Mithraism was a Roman religion inspired by a god originally worshipped in the eastern Empire. A photo of the redevelopment work (taken 24th August 2012). When a cricket pavilion burnt down, its footprint was excavated by WebTemple (Scottish Gaelic: Baile nan Trodach) is a village and civil parish in Midlothian, Scotland. Chesters Roman Fort is a fairly large car To the rear, the altar was hollowed out, while the rays of Sols halo, his eyes, and his mouth perforate the stone. WebBrocolitia; the Temple of Mithras is a fascinating temple dedicated to the god beloved by Roman soldiers. Though the present location is at grade, the original Mithraeum was built partly underground, recalling the cave of Mithras where the Mithraic epiphany took place. preserved. His tria nomina shows that he was a Roman citizen, and it is likely that he was a legionary centurion seconded to take charge of the forts auxiliary garrison. The civil parish has a population of 225 (in 2011). An inscription dateable AD 307310 at the site, PRO SALVTE D N CCCC ET NOB CAES DEO MITHRAE ET SOLI INVICTO AB ORIENTE AD OCCIDENTEM, may be translated "For the Salvation of our lords the four emperors and the noble Caesar, and to the god Mithras, the Invincible Sun from the east to the west". On it Mithras is accompanied by the two small figures of the torch-bearing celestial twins of Light and Darkness, Cautes and Cautopates, within the cosmic annual wheel of the zodiac.

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